Archduke Leopold Ludwig of Austria (German: Leopold Ludwig Maria Franz Julius Estorgius Gerhard Erzherzog von Ósterreich) (b. Milan 6 June 1823 - d. Hórnstein 24 May 1898) was an Austrian general and admiral who served as Oberkommandant der Marine ('High Commander of the Navy') from 1864 to 1868.
Life
He was the eldest son of Archduke Rainer of Austria (1783-1853) and Princess Elisabeth of Savoy (1800-1856) and a grandson of Emperor Leopold II. Rainer was born in 1823 in Milan, where his father served as Viceroy of Lombardy-Venetia from 1818 to 1848. A younger brother, Archduke Rainer Ferdinand (1827-1913), served as Austrian Minister President from 1859 to 1861. Leopold followed his father in a military career, attaining the rank of Feldmarschall-leutnant (lieutenant general) in the Austrian Army.
When Archduke Ferdinand Maximilian was preparing to accept the throne of Mexico in March 1864, Emperor Franz Josef I sent Leopold to Miramar to induce Maximilian to sign the Act of Renunciation. The two cousins had never been on friendly terms, and Maximilian viewed Leopold as one of the archdukes who would benefit from the renunciation of his hereditary rights in Austria. Maximilian delayed signing the 'Family Compact', as it was called, until the visit of Franz Josef to Miramar on 9 April 1864.[1]
Undoubtedly to Maximilian's chagrin and irritation, Leopold was named his successor as Oberkommandant der Marine with the rank of Vizeadmiral (vice admiral) in April 1864.
During Leopold's tenure as administrative head of the Navy, two notable sea battles were fought by Austrian forces under Wilhelm von Tegetthoff. On 9 May 1864 Austrian and Prussian warships clashed with a Danish squadron off Helgoland in the North Sea; although tactically indecisive, the battle achieved Tegetthoff's objective of causing the Danish squadron to lift its blockade of the Weser and Elbe ports.
In the second action, on 20 July 1866 a weaker Austrian squadron under Tegetthoff fell upon and decisively defeated a powerful Italian squadron off the island of Lissa (now Vis) in the Adriatic. [2]
Owing to rapid developments in technology and the need to study the lessons of the Battle of Lissa, ships already under construction when Leopold took office in 1864 were completed but only two major vessels were begun during his tenure: the central battery ironclad Lissa and the screw sloop Helgoland, both laid down in 1867.[3]
With the organization of the Dual Monarchy in 1867, the naval service was reconstituted as the Austro-Hungarian Navy. Leopold was succeeded as head of the Navy in March 1868 by Tegetthoff, who received the new title of Kommandant der Marine ('Commander of the Navy'). Tegetthoff was also named to the new post of Chef der Marinesektion (Chief of the Naval Section) of the Imperial War Ministry.
Leopold never married, and after stepping down as head of the Navy he faded into obscurity. He died at Hörnstein on 24 May 1898.
Ancestry
| Ancestors of Archduke Leopold Ludwig of Austria |
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16. Leopold Joseph of Lorraine, Duke of Lorraine |
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8. Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor |
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17. Élisabeth Charlotte d'Orléans |
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4. Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor |
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18. Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor |
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9. Empress Maria Theresa |
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19. Duchess Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel |
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2. Archduke Rainer Joseph of Austria |
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20. Philip V of Spain |
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10. Charles III of Spain |
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21. Elisabeth Farnese |
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5. Infanta Maria Luisa of Spain |
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22. Augustus III of Poland |
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11. Princess Maria Amalia of Saxony |
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23. Arcduchess Maria Josepha of Austria |
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1. Archduke Leopold Ludwig of Austria |
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24. Louis Victor of Savoy, Prince of Carignan |
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12. Victor Amadeus of Savoy, Prince of Carignan |
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25. Landgravine Christine of Hesse-Rotenburg |
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6. Charles Emmanuel of Savoy, Prince of Carignan |
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26. Louis of Lorraine, Prince of Brionne |
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13. Princess Joséphine of Lorraine |
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27. Louise de Rohan |
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3. Princess Elisabeth of Savoy |
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28. Augustus III of Poland (= 22) |
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14. Carl Christian Joseph of Saxony, Duke of Courland |
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29. Arcduchess Maria Josepha of Austria (= 23) |
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7. Princess Maria Christina of Saxony |
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30. Stanislaus von Corvin-Krasinski, Count Krasinski |
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15. Franziska von Corvin-Krasinski |
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31. Anna Humiecka |
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Notes
- ^ Joan Haslip, The Crown of Mexico, pp. 218, 221, 223-226. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1971.
- ^ Robert Gardiner (ed. dir.), Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1860-1905, pp. 266-267. London: Conway Maritime Press, 1979.
- ^ Gardiner, pp. 269, 276.
See also
|
Austrian archdukes |
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| 1st Generation |
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| 2nd Generation |
Archduke Cristopher · Maximilian I · Archduke John · Archduke Wolfgang
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| 3rd Generation |
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| 4th Generation |
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| 5th Generation |
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| 6th Generation |
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| 7th Generation |
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| 8th Generation |
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| 9th Generation |
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| 10th Generation |
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| 11th Generation |
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| 12th Generation |
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| 13th Generation |
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| 14th Generation |
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| 15th Generation |
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| 16th Generation |
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| 17th Generation |
Crown Prince Otto · Archduke Robert*** · Archduke Felix · Archduke Carl Ludwig · Archduke Rudolf · Archduke Ferdinand Karl · Archduke Heinrich Maria · Archduke Leopold Franz** · Archduke Guntram** · Archduke Radbot** · Archduke Johann** · Archduke Georg** · Archduke Stephan** · Archduke Dominic** · Archduke Friederich Salvator** · Archduke Andreas Salvator** · Archduke Markus** · Archduke Johann** · Archduke Michael** · Archduke Franz Salvator** · Archduke Karl Salvator** · Archduke Joseph Karl · Archduke Andreas Agustinus · Archduke Nicholas Franz · Archduke Johann Jacob · Archduke Edward Karl · Archduke Paul Rudolf
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| 18th Generation |
Archduke Karl · Archduke Georg · Archduke Lorenz*** · Archduke Gerhard*** · Archduke Martin*** · Archduke Karl Philipp · Archduke Raimund Joseph · Archduke Itsván · Archduke Rudolf · Archduke Carl Christian · Archduke Karl Peter · Archduke Simeon · Archduke Johannes · Archduke Maximilian Heinrich · Archduke Philipp Joachim · Archduke Ferdinand Karl · Archduke Konrad · Archduke Sigismund** · Archduke Georg** · Archduke Guntram** · Archduke Leopold** · Archduke Alexander Salvator** · Archduke Thaddäus Salvator** · Archduke Casimir Salvator** · Archduke Matthias** · Archduke Johannes** · Archduke Bernhard** · Archduke Benedikt · Archduke Joseph Albrecht · Archduke Paul Leo · Archduke Friedrich Cyprian · Archduke Benedikt Alexander · Archduke Nicolás · Archduke Santiago · Archduke Paul Benedikt
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| 19th Generation |
Archduke Ferdinand Zvonimir · Archduke Karl Konstantin · Archduke Amedeo*** · Archduke Joachim*** · Archduke Bartholomaeus*** · Archduke Emmanuel*** · Archduke Felix Carl · Archduke Andreas Franz · Archduke Paul Johannes · Archduke Carl Christian · Archduke Johannes · Archduke Thomas · Archduke Franz Ludwig · Archduke Michael · Archduke Joseph · Archduke Imre · Archduke Imre · Archduke Christoph · Archduke Alexander · Archduke Lorenz Carl · Archduke Wilhelm · Archduke Johannes · Archduke Ludwig · Archduke Philipp · Archduke Nicholas · Archduke Constantin · Archduke Jacob Maximilian · Archduke Leopold Amedeo** · Archduke Maximilian** · Archduke Leopold** · Archduke Constantin Salvator** · Archduke Paul Salvator**
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*also an infante of Spain
**also a prince of Tuscany
***also a prince of Modena |
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