Hendrik Anthony Kramers

Hendrik Anthony Kramers
Hans Kramers (center) with George Uhlenbeck and Samuel Goudsmit, circa 1928.
Born	2 February 1894( 1894 -02-02) Rotterdam, Netherlands
Died	24 April 1952 ( 1952 -04-24) (aged 58) Oegstgeest, Netherlands
Nationality	Dutch
Fields	Physics
Known for	Kramers-Heisenberg formula Wentzel–Kramers–Brillouin approximation Kramers–Kronig relation Kramers-Wannier duality Kramers model for polymer chains Kramers-Anderson superexchange Kramers' degeneracy theorem Kramers' law Kramers' opacity law
Notable awards	Lorentz Medal in 1947 Hughes Medal in 1951

Hendrik Anthony "Hans" Kramers (Rotterdam, February 2, 1894 – Oegstgeest, April 24, 1952) was a Dutch physicist. He was the son of Hendrik Kramers, a physician, and Jeanne Susanne Breukelman. On October 25, 1920 he was married to Anna Petersen. They had three daughters and one son.

In 1912 Hans finished secondary education (in Dutch: HBS) in Rotterdam, and studied mathematics and physics at the University of Leiden, where he obtained a master's degree in 1916. Kramers wanted to obtain foreign experience during his doctoral research, but his first choice of supervisor, Max Born in Göttingen, was not reachable because of the first world war. Because Denmark was neutral in this war, as was The Netherlands, he travelled (by ship, overland was impossible) to Copenhagen, where he visited unannounced the then still relatively unknown Niels Bohr. Bohr took him on as a PhD student and Kramers prepared his dissertation under Bohr's direction. Although Kramers did most of his doctoral research (on intensities of atomic transitions) in Copenhagen, he obtained his formal Ph.D. in Leiden, on May 8, 1919.

After working for almost ten years in Bohr's group and becoming an associate professor at the University of Copenhagen, Kramers left Denmark in 1926 and returned to his native land. He became a full professor in theoretical physics at the Utrecht University, where he supervised Tjalling Koopmans. In 1934 he left Utrecht and succeeded Paul Ehrenfest in Leiden. From 1931 until his death he held also a cross appointment at the Delft University of Technology.

Kramers was one of the founders of the Mathematisch Centrum in Amsterdam. He won the Lorentz Medal in 1947 and Hughes Medal in 1951.

References

• Max Dresden, H.A. Kramers - Between Tradition and Revolution, Springer (1987) ISBN 0387962824

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Hendrik Anthony Kramers

• H.B.G. Casimir, Kramers, Hendrik Anthony (1894-1952), in Biografisch Woordenboek van Nederland. ) (in Dutch)
• J.M. Romein, Hendrik Anthony Kramers, in: Jaarboek van de Maatschappij der Nederlandse Letterkunde te Leiden, 1951-1953, pag. 83-91.

Persondata
Name	Kramers, Hendrik Anthony
Alternative names
Short description
Date of birth	February 2, 1894
Place of birth	Rotterdam, Netherlands
Date of death	April 24, 1952
Place of death	Oegstgeest, Netherlands