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List of active separatist movements in Asia
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This is a list of currently active separatist movements in Asia. Separatism includes autonomism and secessionism. What is and is not considered an autonomist or secessionist movement is sometimes contentious. Entries on this list must meet two criteria:
- They are active movements with current, active members.
- They are seeking greater autonomy or self-determination for a geographic region (as opposed to personal autonomy).
Under each region listed is one or more of the following:
- De facto state: for regions with a de facto polity
- Proposed state: proposed name for a seceding or anticipated sovereign state
- Proposed autonomous area: for movements toward greater autonomy for an area but not outright secession
- De facto autonomous government: for governments with de facto autonomous control over a region
- Government-in-exile: for a government based outside of the region in question, with or without control
- Political party (or parties): for political parties involved in a political system to push for autonomy or secession
- Militant organisation(s): for armed organisations or insurgencies
- Advocacy group(s): for nonviolent, non-electoral, participatory entities
Afghanistan [edit]
Badakhshan Province near the Wakhan Corridor
- Proposed autonomous area: United Badakhshan Peoples Republic[1]
Bangladesh [edit]
Hindu Republic of Bangabhumi or Bir Bango
- Proposed autonomous area:
Bangabhumi
- Political Party: Banga Sena (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
Chittagong Hill Tracts
- Proposed autonomous area:
Chittagong Hill Tracts
- Political Party: Parbatya Chattagram Jana Sanghati Samiti[2][3]
Burma/Myanmar [edit]
- Proposed state: Arakan Federation
- Advocacy group: Arakan Independence Alliance
- Proposed state:
Republic of Zo Asia
- Militant organisation: Chin National Front (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
- Proposed state: Kachinland
- Political party: Kachin National Organization
- Proposed state: Republic of Kawthoolei
- Militant organisation: Karen National Liberation Army
- Advocacy group: Karen National Union
- Proposed state: United Karenni Independent States
- Militant organisation: Karenni Army
- Advocacy group: Karenni National Progressive Party (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
- Government-in-exile: Karenni Provisional Government
- Proposed state: Kukiland
- Militant organisation: Kuki National Army
- Advocacy group: Kuki National Organisation
- Proposed state: Mon State
- Political party: New Mon State Party
- Proposed state: Nagalim or Peoples Republic of Nagaland
- Militant organisation: National Socialist Council of Nagaland (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
- Government-in-exile: Government of the People's Republic of Nagaland
- Proposed state: Northern Arakan State of Arakan Federation
- Advocacy group: Arakan Rohingya National Organization
Shan (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
- Proposed state:
Federated Shan States
- Political party: Shan Democratic Union
- Militant organisation: Shan State Army
- Advocacy group: Restoration Council of Shan State
- Government in exile: Interim Government of Federated Shan States[4]
- Proposed state:
Wa State
- Political party: United Wa State Party
- Militant organisation: United Wa State Army
- Proposed state: Zomi Asia or Federated State of Zomi Asia
- Political parties: Zomi National Congress, Zomi Reunification Organization
- Militant organisations: Zomi National Front/Army, Zomi revolutionary army
China (PRC) [edit]
East Turkestan [edit]
- Proposed state: Federal Republic of Uyghurstan
- Political party: Uyghurstan Independence Movement
- Militant organisation: East Turkestan Islamic Movement, Uyghurstan National Front
- Advocacy groups: World Uyghur Congress (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
Hong Kong [edit]
See Hong Kong people
- Proposed state: Hong Kong
- Advocacy groups: Hong Kong independence movement
Inner Mongolia [edit]
- Proposed state: Republic of Mongol
- Political parties: Inner Mongolian People's Party (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization), Southern Mongolian Democratic Alliance,[5] Mongolian Liberal Union Party[6]
Manchukuo [edit]
See also: Manchu people
- Proposed state: Manchukuo
- Advocacy group: Manchukuo Temporary Government
Tibet [edit]
Main article: Tibetan independence movement
- Proposed state: Tibetan Empire
- Government-in-exile: Lobsang Sangay, head of the Tibetan Government in Exile[7] (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
- Political parties: International Tibet Independence Movement, National Democratic Party of Tibet[8]
- Advocacy group: Students for a Free Tibet, Tibetan Youth Congress, International Campaign for Tibet
India [edit]
Main article: Aspirant states of India
See also: Naxalite-Maoist insurgency and Insurgency in Northeast India
The north east region states demanding the separate state in country not the separate country. All militant forces in north east region of India are demanding the development of their tribe and negotiation directly with central government of India. This is not an independence moment it is style of their negotiation.
- Proposed autonomous area: Teola country[9]
- Militant organisation: Arunachal Dragon Force
- Proposed autonomous area: Hajong Chakma Homeland
- Political organisation: All Hajong Chakma Homeland Movement
- Proposed state: Dalit Nationalism
- Political organisations: Bahujan Samaj Party
Jammu and Kashmir (occupied/disputed area)
- Proposed state: Independent United States of Kashmir or Merge with Pakistan
- Political organisations: All Parties Hurriyat Conference, Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front
- Militant organisations: Lashkar-e-Toiba, Harkat-ul-mujahideen, Jaish-e-Mohammad
- Proposed state: Republic of Manipur
- Militant organisations: Hmar People's Convention–Democrat, Manipur People’s Liberation Front, United National Liberation Front, Revolutionary People's Front of Manipur, People's Revolutionary Party of Kangleipak[11]
- Proposed state: Zozam
- Militant organisations: Zomi Revolutionary Organization, Mizoram Farmers Liberation Force
- Proposed state:
Nagalim or People's Republic of Nagaland
- Government-in-exile: Government of the People's Republic of Nagaland
- Militant organisation: National Socialist Council of Nagaland
- Proposed state: Khalistan
Indonesia [edit]
Indonesia is a transcontinental country. See also List of active separatist movements in Oceania#Indonesia
- Proposed state:
Republic of Aceh
- Militant organisation: Free Aceh Movement (the movement reached an agreement with the Indonesian government in 2005, the separatist movement is no longer exists.
Kalimantan + 
Sarawak + 
Sabah + 
Labuan[12]
- Proposed state:
Kalimantan Borneo
- Pressure groups: Kalimantan Borneo Liberation Front
- Proposed state:
Riau
- Proposed state:
South Moluccas
- Government-in-exile: Republik Maluku Selatan (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
- Advocacy group: Maluku Sovereignty Front
- Proposed state:
West Papua
- Militant organisation: Free Papua Movement
- Government-in-exile: West Paupan Government in exile[14][15]
Iran [edit]
- Proposed state:
South Azerbaijan
- Political party: CAMAH (South Azerbaijan National Liberation Movement), a Baku-based separatist organisation that advocates for the separation of Iranian Azerbaijan from Iran and unification with the Republic of Azerbaijan. According to them, the predominantly ethnic Persian provinces of Hamadan, Qazvin and Karaj and the whole of the ethnically mixed province of West Azerbaijan are parts of Azerbaijan.[16]
- Proposed state: South Turkmenistan
- Political party: Turkmen-Sahra Liberation Organization
- Pan-Turkism party
- Proposed state: Gilakistan
Further information: Politics of Khūzestān Province
-
- Militant organisations: Al-Ahwaz Arab People's Democratic Popular Front, Ahwaz Arab Renaissance Party, Ahwaz Liberation Organisation
- Advocacy group: Democratic Solidarity Party of Al-Ahwaz (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
- Proposed state:
Kurdistan[18]
- Political parties: Kurdistan Democratic Party of Iran (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
- Militant organisations: Party for a Free Life in Kurdistan, Komalah
- Proposed state: Luristan
- Proposed state: Mazandaranistan
- Proposed state: Qashqaistan
Sistan and Baluchestan Province
- Proposed state: Balochistan
- Political party: Balochistan People's Party
- Militant organisations: Jundallah (Iran)
Iraq [edit]
- Political party: Assyria Liberation Party (GFA)
- Political party: Kurdistan Independence Movement (K.I.M.)
- Proposed state: Kurdistan
- Political parties: Kurdistan Democratic Party of Iraq, Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (members of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
- Proposed autonomy:
Salahuddin - Political party: Iraqi Baath Party
- Proposed autonomy: Diyala
- Political party: Iraqi Baath Party
Turkmeneli (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
- Proposed state:
Turkmeneli - Political party: Iraqi Turkmen Front
Israel [edit]
- Proposed state: State of Judea
Japan [edit]
- Proposed state:
Ryukyu Kingdom, Okinawa Island - Political group : Ryukyu independence movement, Kariyushi Club
Laos [edit]
- Proposed state: Hmong ChaoFa Federated State (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
Malaysia [edit]
East Malaysia ( Sarawak, Sabah, and Labuan) + Kalimantan[12]
- Proposed state: Kalimantan Borneo as United States of Borneo.
- Pressure groups: Sabah Sarawak Keluar Malaysia, Kalimantan Borneo Liberation Front
- Proposed state:
Republic of Sarawak
Nepal [edit]
Madheshi people in the southern strip have occasionally voiced for independence from Nepal. The claims are a result of a long standing history of discrimination against them.
- Proposed state: Republic of Madheshstan
- Political group: AIM Madeshstan
Oman [edit]
Pakistan [edit]
- Proposed state:
Balochistan
- Political party: Baloch National Movement, Baloch Republican Party (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
- Militant organisations: Baloch Liberation Army, Baloch Libration Front, Baloch Republican Army
- Proposed state: Republic of Gilgit Baltistan
- Political party: Gilgit Baltistan United Movement
- Proposed state:
Pukhtunistan
- Proposed state: Sindhudesh
- Advocacy group: World Sindhi Institute (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
- Political Party: Jeay Sindh Qomi Mahaz,
- Militant Organisations: Sindhudesh Libration Army, Sindhudesh Libration front
- Proposed state: Islamic Emirate of Waziristan
- Military movement: Taliban
Palestine [edit]
- Main article:Palestinian people
- De facto autonomous government: Palestinian National Authority
- Proposed state: State of Palestine
- Political parties: Hamas, Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine, Fatah, Palestine Liberation Front, Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine Palestine Liberation Organisation[24][25]
- Militant organisations: al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigade, Hamas, Palestinian Islamic Jihad, Tanzim, Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades
Philippines [edit]
Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao (including the cities of Cotabato City, Isabela, Basilan and the municipalities of Baloi, Munai, Nunungan, Pantar, Tagoloan and Tangcal in Lanao del Norte and certain barangays from Kabacan, Carmen, Aleosan, Pigkawayan, Pikit and Midsayap municipalities in Cotabato).[26]
- Proposed autonomous area: Bangasamoro[27]
- Militant organisation: Moro Islamic Liberation Front[28](member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
- Proposed state:
Bangsamoro Republik[29]/ Federal Republic of Mindanao - Political party: Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Movement[28]
- Militant organisation: Moro National Liberation Front, Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters[28]
Russia (Asia) [edit]
Altai Republic[citation needed]
- Proposed state:
Altai Republic
- Proposed state:
Buryatia
- Political party: All-Buryat Association for the Development of Culture (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
- Proposed state: United States of Northern Asia
- Proposed state:
Far Eastern Republic
Khakassia[citation needed]
- Proposed state:
Khakassia
- Proposed state:
Sakha Republic
- Political party: Sakha-Amuk
Siberia
See also: Siberian regionalism
- Proposed state: Siberian Republic
- Political party: Party of Siberian Liberation
Tuva (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
- Proposed state:
Tuva
- Political parties: People's Party of Sovereign Tuva, People's Front "Free Tuva"
Sri Lanka [edit]
- Proposed state:
Tamil Eelam
- Political party: Tamil National Alliance (autonomy within Sri Lanka)
- Militant organisation: Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (No longer active in Sri Lanka)
- Advocacy groups: Transnational Government of Tamil Eelam, Global Tamil Forum
- Government in exile: Transnational Government of Tamil Eelam[30]
Syria [edit]
- Proposed state: Free Republic of Syria
- Proposed state: Kurdistan
- Political party: Kurdistan Democratic Party of Syria
- Militant organisation: Kurdistan Workers Party
- Political Movement: Kurdish nationalism
- Proposed state:
Alawite State
Druze people in Syria.
- Proposed state:
Druze state
ROC (Taiwan) [edit]
Main article: Political status of Taiwan
- Proposed state:
Taiwan independence - Political parties: Pan-Green Coalition (Democratic Progressive Party, Taiwan Solidarity Union, Taiwan Independence Party)
Tajikistan [edit]
Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region
Thailand [edit]
- Proposed state: Greater Patani State (Negara Patani Raya)[32]
- Militant organisation: Patani United Liberation Organization
Turkey (Asia) [edit]
-
Kurdish people
- Proposed state: Kurdistan[33]
- Political party: Peace and Democracy Party (BDP)
- Militant organisation: Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK)
- Proposed state:
Turkmenistan [edit]
- The province of Xorazm located in Uzbekistan, also including the province of Dashoguz in Turkmenistan.
Uzbekistan [edit]
- Proposed state:
Karakalpakstan
- Advocacy group: Free Karakalpakstan National Revival Party[34]
- The province of Xorazm located in Uzbekistan, also including the province of Dashoguz in Turkmenistan.
Vietnam [edit]
- Proposed autonomous area: Tây Nguyên
- Advocacy group: Montagnard Foundation, Inc.[35] (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
Yemen [edit]
- Proposed state:
Aden
- Proposed state:
South Yemen[36]
- Political party: South Yemen Movement
See also [edit]
References [edit]
- ^ a b c "Roots of the Conflict". El Gringo. Archived from the original on 2009-10-23. Retrieved 2009-04-10.
- ^ "World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous People: Adivasis". Minority Rights Group International. Retrieved 2009-04-11.
- ^ Ali, M. Emran and Toshiyuki Tsuchiya. "Land Rights of the Trible People of the Chittagong Hill Tracts in Bangladesh". Center for World Indigenous Studies. Retrieved 2009-04-11.[dead link]
- ^ [1]
- ^ ""Inner Mongolian People’s Party" and the basic facts about its key members". Southern Mongolian Human Rights Information Center. Retrieved 2009-04-11.
- ^ "モンゴル自由連盟党". Retrieved 2010-11-22.(JP)
- ^ "Speech of His Holiness the Dalai Lama to the European Parliament, Strasbourg". The Office of His Holiness the Dalai Lama. 2001-10-14. Retrieved 2009-04-11.[dead link]
- ^ "INTERNATIONAL TIBET INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENT". International Tibet Independence Movement. Retrieved 2009-04-11.
- ^ "Arunachal Dragon Force (ADF)". South Asia Terrorist Portal. Retrieved 2009-04-10.
- ^ "Muslim United Liberation Tigers of Assam (MULTA)". South Asia Terrorist Portal. Retrieved 2009-04-10.
- ^ "India - Terrorist, insurgent and extremist groups". South Asia Terrorist Portal. Retrieved 2009-04-10.
- ^ a b Kalimantan Borneo Liberation Front
- ^ The Jakarta Post (2000). People’s Congress votes for Riau independence. February 2. [2], accessed July 2, 2009.
- ^ Saha, Santosh C. (2006). Perspectives on Contemporary Ethnic Conflict. Lexington Books. p. 63. Retrieved 20 May 2011.
- ^ Minahan, James (2002). Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: S-Z. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 2055. ISBN 978-0-313-32384-3. Retrieved 20 May 2011.
- ^ http://southazerbaijan.info/en/nizam.php
- ^ http://www.al-ahwaz.com/english/2009/index.php?page=news&a_p_no=1&w_p_no=1&ar_p_no=23-1-2008-1 National Libration [sic] Movement of Ahwaz
- ^ "Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan". Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan. Retrieved 2009-04-11.
- ^ http://www.fourwinds10.net/siterun_data/peace_freedom/patriots_and_protesters/news.php?q=1239483589
- ^ http://asiangazette.blogspot.com/2010/02/ainu-claim-independence-to-prime.html
- ^ http://sarawakheadhunter.blogspot.com/
- ^ http://sarawakindependence.blogspot.com/
- ^ http://www.balochvoice.com/
- ^ Madiha Rashid al Madfai, Jordan, the United States and the Middle East Peace Process, 1974-1991, Cambridge Middle East Library, Cambridge University Press (1993). ISBN 0-521-41523-3. p. 21:"On 28 October 1974, the seventh Arab summit conference held in Rabat designated the PLO as the sole legitimate representative of the Palestinian people and reaffirmed their right to establish an independent state of urgency."
- ^ Geldenhuys, Deon (1990). Isolated states: a comparative analysis. Cambridge University Press. p. 155. ISBN 0-521-40268-9, 9780521402682http://books.google.ca/books?id=dVmhhVHvTAMC&pg=PA155&dq=PLO+observer+UN+sole+legitimate&lr=#v=onepage&q=PLO%20observer%20UN%20sole%20legitimate&f=false Check
|isbn=value (help). - ^ http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/277218/news/nation/govt-milf-agree-to-create-bangsamoro-to-replace-armm
- ^ http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/285332/new-ph-milf-peace-pact-to-serve-as-road-map-for-future-peace-talks-binay
- ^ a b c http://www.interaksyon.com/article/41288/milf-says-mnlf-joins-fray-on-side-of-bifm
- ^ http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/photo/26549/mnlf-commander-objects-to-bangsamoro-peace-deal
- ^ Peacehalle.com
- ^ http://www.free-syrian-army.com/
- ^ "Pattani United Liberation Organization (PULO)". GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved 2009-04-10.
- ^ Pike, John (21 May 2004). "Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK)". Federation of American Scientists. Retrieved 23 July 2008.
- ^ "Uzbekistan: Shadowy Group Agitates For 'Free Karakalpakstan'". Radio Free Europe. 2008-04-05. Retrieved 2009-04-11.
- ^ "Montagnard Foundation home page". Montagnard Foundation. Retrieved 2009-04-10.
- ^ "Five killed at secessionist protest in south Yemen". London: BBC. 2009-11-25. Retrieved 2009-11-25.
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