Terminologia Histologica

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The Terminologia Histologica is a controlled vocabulary for use in cytology and histology.^[1]^[2] In April 2011, Terminologia Histologica was published online by the Federative International Programme on Anatomical Terminologies (FIPAT), the successor of FCAT.

It was intended to replace Nomina Histologica. The Nomina Histologica was introduced in 1977, with the fourth edition of Nomina Anatomica.^[3]

It was developed by the Federative International Committee on Anatomical Terminology.

Outline

h1.00: Cytology [1]
h2.00: General histology [2]
- H2.00.01.0.00001: Stem cells [3]
- H2.00.02.0.00001: Epithelial tissue [4]
  - H2.00.02.0.01001: Epithelial cell
  - H2.00.02.0.02001: Surface epithelium
  - H2.00.02.0.03001: Glandular epithelium
- H2.00.03.0.00001: Connective and supportive tissues [5]
  - H2.00.03.0.01001: Connective tissue cells
  - H2.00.03.0.02001: Extracellular matrix
  - H2.00.03.0.03001: Fibres of connective tissues
  - H2.00.03.1.00001: Connective tissue proper
  - H2.00.03.1.01001: Ligaments
  - H2.00.03.2.00001: Mucoid connective tissue; Gelatinous connective tissue
  - H2.00.03.3.00001: Reticular tissue
  - H2.00.03.4.00001: Adipose tissue
  - H2.00.03.5.00001: Cartilage tissue
  - H2.00.03.6.00001: Chondroid tissue
  - H2.00.03.7.00001: Bone tissue; Osseous tissue
- H2.00.04.0.00001: Haemotolymphoid complex [6]
  - H2.00.04.1.00001: Blood cells
  - H2.00.04.1.01001: Erythrocyte; Red blood cell
  - H2.00.04.1.02001: Leucocyte; White blood cell
  - H2.00.04.1.03001: Platelet; Thrombocyte
  - H2.00.04.2.00001: Plasma
  - H2.00.04.3.00001: Blood cell production
  - H2.00.04.4.00001: Postnatal sites of haematopoiesis
    - H2.00.04.4.01001: Lympoid tissue
- H2.00.05.0.00001: Muscle tissue [7]
  - H2.00.05.1.00001: Smooth muscle tissue
  - H2.00.05.2.00001: Striated muscle tissue
- H2.00.06.0.00001: Nerve tissue [8]
  - H2.00.06.1.00001: Neuron
  - H2.00.06.2.00001: Synapse
  - H2.00.06.2.00001: Neuroglia
h3.01: Bones [9]
h3.02: Joints [10]
h3.03: Muscles [11]
h3.04: Alimentary system [12]
h3.05: Respiratory system [13]
h3.06: Urinary system [14]
h3.07: Genital system [15]
h3.08: Endocrine system [16]
h3.09: Cardiovascular system [17]
h3.10: Lymphoid system [18]
h3.11: Nervous system [19]
h3.12: The Integument [20]

References

^ Terminologia Histologica: International Terms for Human Cytology and Histology, Book/CD-ROM Bundle. Hagerstown, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2008. ISBN 0-7817-7537-X.
^ Allen WE (May 2009). "Terminologia anatomica: international anatomical terminology and Terminologia Histologica: International Terms for Human Cytology and Histology". J. Anat.. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2009.01093_1.x. PMID 19486203.
^ Singh (1 January 2008). General Anatomy. Elsevier India. pp. 22–. ISBN 978-81-312-1126-7. http://books.google.com/books?id=0QXLxgrH2jcC&pg=PA22. Retrieved 25 November 2010.

v t e Medical classification

Topographical codes	TA · TH · TE · SNOMED T axis · MeSH A axis

Diagnostic codes	general: ICD-10 · ICD-9 · ICPC-2 · NANDA · Read codes · SNOMED D axis specialized: ICD-O · ICSD · ICHD · ILDS · DSM-IV · BPA

Procedural codes	HCPCS (CPT, Level 2) · ICD-10 PCS · ICD-9-CM Volume 3 · NIC · SNOMED P axis · OPS-301 · Read codes/OPCS-4 · CCAM · ICHI · LOINC

Pharmaceutical codes	ATC · NDC · SNOMED C axis · DIN

Outcomes codes	NOC

v t e Histology: Epithelial proteins (TH H1.00.01.1)

Lateral/cell-cell	Cell adhesion molecules: Adherens junction Cadherin Desmosome Desmoglein Ion channels: Gap junction/Connexon Connexin Cytoskeleton: Desmosome Desmoplakin Plakoglobin Tonofibril other membrane proteins: Tight junction Claudin Occludin MARVELD2

Basal/cell-matrix	Basal lamina Hemidesmosome/Tonofibril Focal adhesion Costamere

Apical	Cilia/Kinocilium Microvilli/Stereocilia (STRC)

B strc: edmb (perx), skel (ctrs), epit, cili, mito, nucl (chro)

v t e Structures of the cell / organelles (TH H1.00.01.2-3)

Endomembrane system	Cell membrane Nucleus Nucleolus Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Parenthesome Autophagosome Vesicles Exosome Lysosome Endosome Phagosome Vacuole Cytoplasmic granules Melanosome Microbody Glyoxysome Peroxisome Weibel–Palade body

Cytoskeleton	Microfilaments Intermediate filaments Microtubules Prokaryotic cytoskeleton MTOCs Centrosome Centriole Basal body Spindle pole body Myofibril

Endosymbionts	Mitochondrion Plastids Chloroplast Chromoplast Gerontoplast Leucoplast

Other internal	RNA Ribosome Vault Cytoplasm Proteasome

External	Undulipodium Cilium Flagellum Axoneme Radial spoke Cell wall Acrosome

B strc: edmb (perx), skel (ctrs), epit, cili, mito, nucl (chro)

Histology: Epithelial tissue (TH H2.00.02)

Epithelial cells

Surface epithelium

Simple squamous epithelium
- Endothelium
- Mesothelium

Simple cuboidal epithelium

Simple columnar epithelium

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
- Respiratory epithelium

Stratified squamous epithelium

Stratified cuboidal epithelium

Stratified columnar epithelium

Transitional epithelium/Urothelium

Gland/
glandular epithelium

Classification
(exocrine,
endocrine)

Mechanism	Merocrine Eccrine Apocrine Holocrine Sebaceous Meibomian

Shape	Tubular gland Alveolar gland

Secretion	Serous glands Mucous glands

Components

See also: Template:Epithelial neoplasms

Histology: connective tissue (TH H2.00.03)

Composition

Cells

Resident	Fibroblast Fibrocyte Reticular cell Tendon cell Adipocyte Melanocyte

Wandering cell	Mast cell Macrophage

Extracellular
matrix
(noncellular)

Ground substance	Tissue fluid

Fibers	Collagen fibers Reticular fibers: COL3A1 Elastic fibers: Elastin Fibrillin FBN1 FBN2 FBN3 EMILIN1 Elaunin

Classification

Connective tissue proper

Loose	Reticular Adipose Brown White

Dense	Dense irregular connective tissue Submucosa Dermis Dense regular connective tissue Ligament Tendon Aponeurosis

Embryonic

Specialized

Soft tissue

See also: Template:Soft tissue tumors and sarcomas

M: INT, SF, LCT

anat/phys/devp

noco (i/b/d/q/u/r/p/m/k/v/f)/cong/tumr (n/e/d), sysi/epon

proc, drug (D2/3/4/5/8/11)

M: MUS, DF+DRCT

anat (h/n, u, t/d, a/p, l)/phys/devp/hist

noco (m, s, c)/cong (d)/tumr, sysi/epon, injr

proc, drug (M1A/3)

Histology: Muscle tissue (TH H2.00.05, H3.3)

Smooth
muscle

Calmodulin · Vascular smooth muscle

Striated
muscle

Skeletal
muscle

Costamere/
DAPC

Membrane/ extracellular	DAP: Sarcoglycan (SGCA, SGCB, SGCD, SGCE, SGCG, SGCZ) · Dystroglycan Sarcospan · Laminin, alpha 2

Intracellular	Dystrophin · Dystrobrevin (A, B) · Syntrophin (A, B1, B2, G1, G2) · Syncoilin · Dysbindin · Synemin/desmuslin related: NOS1 · Caveolin 3

Sarcomere/
(a, i, and h bands;
z and m lines)

Myofilament (thin filament/actin, thick filament/myosin, elastic filament/titin, nebulin)

Tropomyosin

Troponin (T, C, I)

Connective tissue

Epimysium · Fascicle · Perimysium · Endomysium · Connective tissue in skeletal muscle

General

Neuromuscular junction · Motor unit · Muscle spindle · Excitation-contraction coupling · Sliding filament mechanism

Cardiac
muscle

Myocardium · Intercalated disc · Nebulette

Both

Fiber	Muscle fiber (intrafusal, extrafusal) · Myofibril · Microfilament/Myofilament · Sarcomere

Cells	Myoblast/Myocyte · Myosatellite cell

Other	Desmin · Sarcoplasm · Sarcolemma (T-tubule) · Sarcoplasmic reticulum

Other/
ungrouped

Myotilin · Telethonin · Dysferlin · Fukutin · Fukutin-related protein

M: MUS, DF+DRCT

anat (h/n, u, t/d, a/p, l)/phys/devp/hist

noco (m, s, c)/cong (d)/tumr, sysi/epon, injr

proc, drug (M1A/3)

Histology: nervous tissue (TA A14, GA 9.849, TH H2.00.06, H3.11)

CNS

General	Grey matter · White matter (Projection fibers · Association fiber · Commissural fiber · Lemniscus · Funiculus · Fasciculus · Decussation · Commissure) · meninges

Neuroglia	Myelination: Oligodendrocyte Astrocyte (Radial glial cell) · Ependymal cells (Tanycyte) · Microglia

Other	Pyramidal · Purkinje · Granule Neuropil

PNS

General	Posterior (Root, Ganglion, Ramus) · Anterior (Root, Ramus) · rami communicantes (Gray, White) · Autonomic ganglion (Preganglionic nerve fibers · Postganglionic nerve fibers)

Connective tissues	epineurium · perineurium · endoneurium · nerve fascicle

Neuroglia	Myelination: Schwann cell (Neurolemma, Myelin incisure, Myelin sheath gap, Internodal segment) Satellite glial cell

Neurons/
nerve fibers

Parts	Perikaryon (Axon hillock) Axon (Axon terminals, Axoplasm, Axolemma, Neurofibril/neurofilament) Dendrite (Nissl body, Dendritic spine, Apical dendrite/Basal dendrite)

Types	Bipolar · Unipolar · Pseudounipolar · Multipolar · Interneuron (Renshaw)

Afferent nerve fiber/ Sensory nerve	GSA · GVA · SSA · SVA fibers (Ia, Ib or Golgi, II or Aβ, III or Aδ or fast pain, IV or C or slow pain)

Efferent nerve fiber/ Motor nerve	GSE · GVE · SVE Upper motor neuron · Lower motor neuron (α motorneuron, γ motorneuron, β motorneuron)

Termination

Synapse	Electrical synapse/Gap junction · Chemical synapse (Synaptic vesicle, Active zone, Postsynaptic density) · Ribbon synapse · Neuromuscular junction

Sensory receptors	Meissner's corpuscle · Merkel nerve ending · Pacinian corpuscle · Ruffini ending · Muscle spindle · Free nerve ending · Olfactory receptor neuron · Photoreceptor cell · Hair cell · Taste bud

M: CNS

anat (n/s/m/p/4/e/b/d/c/a/f/l/g)/phys/devp

noco (m/d/e/h/v/s)/cong/tumr, sysi/epon, injr

proc, drug (N1A/2AB/C/3/4/7A/B/C/D)

M: PNS

anat (h/r/t/c/b/l/s/a)/phys (r)/devp/prot/nttr/nttm/ntrp

noco/auto/cong/tumr, sysi/epon, injr

proc, drug (N1B)

Musculoskeletal system · connective tissue: bone and cartilage (TA A02.0, TH H3.01, GA 2.86–95)

Cartilage

cells (chondroblast
chondrocyte)

types (hyaline
elastic
fibrous)

Bone

Ossification	intramembranous endochondral

Cycle	osteoblast osteoid osteocyte osteoclast

Types	cancellous cortical

Regions	subchondral bone epiphysis epiphyseal plate/metaphysis diaphysis Condyle Epicondyle

Structure	osteon / Haversian system Haversian canals Volkmann's canals connective tissue (endosteum periosteum) Sharpey's fibres enthesis lacunae canaliculi trabeculae medullary cavity bone marrow

Shapes	long short flat irregular sesamoid

M: BON/CAR

anat (c/f/k/f, u, t/p, l)/phys/devp/cell

noco/cong/tumr, sysi/epon, injr

proc, drug (M5)

Joints (TA A03.0, TH H3.02, GA 3.284)

Types

synostosis

by range of motion: Synarthrosis
Amphiarthrosis
Diarthrosis

Terminology

Motions

specialized/upper limbs: Protraction/Retraction
Supination/Pronation

specialized/lower limbs: Plantarflexion/Dorsiflexion
Eversion/Inversion

Components

capsular: Articular capsule
- Synovial membrane
- Fibrous membrane
Synovial fluid
Synovial bursa
Articular disk/Meniscus

extracapsular: Ligament
Enthesis

M: JNT

anat (h/c, u, t, l)/phys

noco (arth/defr/back/soft)/cong, sysi/epon, injr

proc, drug (M01C, M4)

Head and neck anatomy, digestive system: Mouth anatomy (TA A05.1–2, TH H3.04.01, GA 11.1110–2, 1125–1141)

Mouth

Oral cavity
(including
mucosa)

Vestibule

Lip (Upper, Lower, Vermilion border, Frenulum of lower lip, Labial commissure of mouth, Philtrum)

Cheek (Buccal fat pad)

OC proper

Palate/ roof of mouth	Hard palate · Soft palate · Palatine raphe · Incisive papilla

Gingiva	Interdental papilla · Gingival sulcus · Gingival margin · Free gingival margin · Gingival fibers · Junctional epithelium · Mucogingival junction · Sulcular epithelium · Stippling Periodontium: Cementum · Gingiva · Periodontal ligament

Glands

Parotid gland/Parotid duct · Submandibular gland/Submandibular duct · Sublingual gland/Major sublingual duct

Teeth

see tooth anatomy

Tongue

dorsum (Taste bud, Median sulcus, Terminal sulcus, Foramen cecum, Lingual tonsils) · underside (Frenulum, Fimbriated fold, Sublingual caruncle) · Anterior · Posterior · Glossoepiglottic folds · Lingual septum

Oro-pharynx/
fauces

Oropharyngeal isthmus/Isthmus of the fauces

Soft palate (Uvula, Palatoglossal arch, Palatopharyngeal arch, Plica semilunaris of the fauces)

Tonsillar fossa

Palatine tonsil

M: MOU

anat/devp

noco/cofa (c)/cogi/tumr, sysi

proc (peri), drug (A1)

Anatomy of torso, digestive system: Gastrointestinal tract, excluding mouth (TA A05.3–7, TH H3.04.02-04, GA 11.1141)

Upper GI

Hypo- pharynx	Piriform sinus spaces: Peripharyngeal space Retropharyngeal space Parapharyngeal space Retrovisceral space Retropharyngeal space Danger space Prevertebral space Pterygomandibular raphe Pharyngeal raphe Buccopharyngeal fascia Pharyngobasilar fascia Pharyngeal muscles

Esophagus	UES LES Esophageal glands Serosa / Adventitia Muscular layer Submucosa Mucosa Muscularis mucosa

Stomach	by region: Greater curvature Lesser curvature Angular incisure Cardia Body Fundus Pylorus Pyloric antrum Pyloric canal by layer: Serosa Muscular layer Pyloric sphincter Submucosa Gastric mucosa Muscularis mucosa Gastric rugae Gastric pits Gastric gland Cardiac glands Fundic glands Pyloric glands Goblet cell

Lower GI

Intestine: small

Layers	Serosa Subserosa Muscular layer Circular folds Submucosa Mucosa Muscularis mucosa Peyer's patches Intestinal villus Intestinal gland

Duodenum	Suspensory muscle Major duodenal papilla Minor duodenal papilla Duodenal cap Duodenojejunal flexure Brunner's glands

Jejunum	no substructures

Ileum	Terminal ileum Ileocecal valve

Intestine: large

Layers	Serosa Subserosa Muscular layer Submucosa Mucosa

Cecum	Vermiform appendix

Colon	ascending colon hepatic flexure transverse colon splenic flexure descending colon sigmoid colon continuous taenia coli haustra epiploic appendix

Rectum	Transverse folds of rectum Rectal ampulla

Anal canal	Anal columns Anal valves Anal sinuses Pectinate line Sphincter ani internus muscle Intersphincteric groove Sphincter ani externus muscle Anus

M: DIG

anat (t, g, p)/phys/devp/enzy

noco/cong/tumr, sysi/epon

proc, drug (A2A/2B/3/4/5/6/7/14/16), blte

Anatomy of torso, digestive system: accessory digestive glands (TA A05.8–9, TH H3.04.05-07, GA 11.1188)

Liver

Biliary tract

Bile ducts	intrahepatic (from Bile canaliculus and Canals of Hering): Interlobular bile ducts Left hepatic duct Right hepatic duct extrahepatic: Common hepatic duct

Gallbladder	by region: Body Fundus Neck Cystic duct Common bile duct Hepatopancreatic ampulla (Sphincter of ampulla) cells: Cholecystocyte

Pancreas

by region: Tail
Body
Neck
Head (Uncinate process)

ducts: Pancreatic duct
Accessory pancreatic duct

by function: Islets of Langerhans
Exocrine component of pancreas

cells: Centroacinar cell
Pancreatic stellate cell

M: DIG

anat (t, g, p)/phys/devp/enzy

noco/cong/tumr, sysi/epon

proc, drug (A2A/2B/3/4/5/6/7/14/16), blte

Abdominopelvic cavity: Abdomen/Abdominal cavity and Pelvis/Pelvic cavity and Peritoneal cavity (TA A10, TH H3.04.08, GA 4.408 and GA 11.1147)

Extraperitoneal space

Peritoneal ligaments,
mesenteries, and folds

Abdominal

From ventral mesentery	Lesser omentum: Hepatoduodenal ligament Hepatogastric ligament Liver: Coronary ligament (Left triangular ligament Right triangular ligament Hepatorenal ligament) Falciform ligament (Round ligament of liver and Ligamentum venosum in it, but not of it)

From dorsal mesentery	Greater omentum: Gastrophrenic ligament Gastrocolic ligament Gastrosplenic ligament Mesentery: Transverse mesocolon Sigmoid mesocolon Mesoappendix Root of the mesentery Splenorenal ligament Phrenicocolic ligament Folds: Umbilical folds (Supravesical fossa, Medial inguinal fossa, Lateral umbilical fold, Lateral inguinal fossa) Ileocecal fold

Abdominal cavity	Greater sac Omental bursa Omental foramen

General	Cystohepatic triangle Hepatorenal recess of subhepatic space Abdominal wall (Inguinal triangle) Peritoneal recesses: Paracolic gutters Paramesenteric gutters

Urogenital peritoneum

Uterus/ovaries	Broad ligament of the uterus (Mesovarium, Mesosalpinx, Mesometrium) Ovarian ligament Suspensory ligament of the ovary

Recesses	♂: Recto-vesical pouch Pararectal fossa ♀: Recto-uterine pouch Recto-uterine fold (Uterosacral ligament) Vesico-uterine pouch Ovarian fossa Paravesical fossa

M: DIG

anat (t, g, p)/phys/devp/enzy

noco/cong/tumr, sysi/epon

proc, drug (A2A/2B/3/4/5/6/7/14/16), blte

Anatomy: Lower RT respiratory system (TA A06.3–5, TH H3.05.02, GA 11.1084)

TB tree

Trachea	Tracheal rings Annular ligaments of trachea Carina

Bronchus	main bronchus right left lobar/secondary bronchi eparterial bronchus segmental/tertiary bronchi

Lungs

General	Left lung/Right lung Base/Apex Root/Hilum Superior lobe Lingula of left lung/Middle lobe of right lung Inferior lobe borders: Anterior border Cardiac notch Posterior border Inferior border surfaces: Costal surface Mediastinal surface Cardiac impression Diaphragmatic surface fissures: Oblique fissure Horizontal fissure

BP segment	Bronchiole: Conducting zone (Terminal bronchiole) Respiratory zone (Respiratory bronchiole Alveolar duct Alveolus Blood-air barrier)

Cells	Pneumocyte (Type I pneumocyte Type II pneumocyte) Clara cell Goblet cell

M: RES

anat (n, x, l, c)/phys/devp

noco (c, p)/cong/tumr, sysi/epon, injr

proc, drug (R1/2/3/5/6/7)

Anatomy: urinary system (TA A08, TH H3.06, GA 11.1215)

Abdomen

Kidneys

Layers	Renal fascia Renal capsule Renal cortex Renal column Renal medulla Renal sinus Renal pyramids medullary interstitium Renal lobe Cortical lobule Medullary ray Nephron

Intrarenal arteries	Renal artery Segmental arteries Interlobar arteries Arcuate arteries Interlobular arteries Afferent arterioles

Renal tubule	Renal corpuscle Glomerulus Bowman's capsule Proximal tubule Loop of Henle Descending Thin ascending Thick ascending Distal convoluted tubule Connecting tubule Collecting ducts aka Duct of Belini Renal papilla Minor calyx Major calyx Renal pelvis

Intrarenal veins	Efferent arterioles Peritubular capillaries/Vasa recta Arcuate vein Interlobar veins Renal vein

JGA	Macula densa Juxtaglomerular cells Mesangium/Extraglomerular mesangial cell

Filtration	Glomerular basement membrane Podocyte Filtration slits Mesangium/Intraglomerular mesangial cell Tubular fluid

Ureters

Pelvis

Bladder	Apex Uvula Neck Median umbilical ligament Muscular layer Trigone Detrusor Mucosa Submucosa

Urethra	Urethral sphincters External sphincter muscle of male urethra External sphincter muscle of female urethra Internal sphincter muscle of urethra

M: URI

anat/phys/devp/cell

noco/acba/cong/tumr, sysi/epon, urte

proc/itvp, drug (G4B), blte, urte

Female reproductive system (TA A09.1–2, TH H3.07.01, GA 11.1254)

Internal

Adnexa

Ovaries

Follicles	corpus hemorrhagicum luteum albicans Theca of follicle externa interna Follicular antrum Follicular fluid Corona radiata Zona pellucida Membrana granulosa Perivitelline space

Other	Germinal epithelium Tunica albuginea cortex Cumulus oophorus Stroma Medulla

Regions	corpus/body Uterine cavity Fundus cervix/neck External orifice Canal of the cervix Internal orifice Supravaginal portion of cervix Vaginal portion of cervix Cervical ectropion Uterine horns

Layers	Endometrium Myometrium Perimetrium Parametrium

Ligaments	Round ligament of uterus Cardinal ligament Uterosacral ligament Pubocervical ligament

General	Uterine glands

Vagina

External

Vulva

Labia	Mons pubis Labia majora Anterior commissure Posterior commissure Pudendal cleft Labia minora Frenulum of labia minora Frenulum of clitoris Vulval vestibule Interlabial sulci Bulb of vestibule Vaginal orifice vestibular glands/ducts Bartholin's glands/Bartholin's ducts Skene's glands/Skene's ducts

Clitoris	Crus of clitoris Corpus cavernosa Clitoral glans Hood

Urethra	Urethral crest Lacunae of Morgagni

Other

M: ♀ FRS

anat/phys/devp

noco/cong/npls, sysi/epon

proc/asst, drug (G1/G2B/G3CD)

Male reproductive system (TA A09.3–4, TH H3.07.02, GA 11.1236)

Internal

Seminal
tract

Testes	layers Tunica vaginalis Tunica albuginea Tunica vasculosa testis Appendix Mediastinum Lobules Septa Leydig cell Sertoli cell Blood-testis barrier

Spermatogenesis	Spermatogonium Spermatocytogenesis Spermatocyte Spermatidogenesis Spermatid Spermiogenesis Spermatozoon

Other	Seminiferous tubules Tubuli seminiferi recti Rete testis Efferent ducts Epididymis Appendix Stereocilia Paradidymis Spermatic cord Vas deferens Ampulla Ejaculatory duct

Accessory
glands

External

Penis	root Crus Bulb Fundiform ligament Suspensory ligament body Corpus cavernosum Corpus spongiosum glans Foreskin Frenulum Corona fascia superficial/subcutaneous deep/Buck's Tunica albuginea Septum of the penis

Urinary tract	Internal urethral orifice Urethra Prostatic Intermediate Spongy Navicular fossa External urethral orifice Lacunae of Morgagni Urethral gland

Scrotum	layers skin Dartos External spermatic fascia Cremaster/Cremasteric fascia Internal spermatic fascia Perineal raphe

M: ♂ MRS

anat/phys/devp

noco/cong/tumr, sysi/epon

proc, drug (G3B/4BE/4C)

Human anatomy, endocrine system: endocrine glands (TA A11, TH H3.08, GA 11.1269)

Islets of pancreas

Hypothalamic/
pituitary axes
+parathyroid

Pituitary

Posterior pituitary	Pars nervosa Median eminence Infundibular stalk Pituicyte Herring bodies

Anterior pituitary	Pars intermedia Pars tuberalis Pars distalis Acidophil cell Somatotropic cell Prolactin cell Basophil cell Corticotropic cell Gonadotropic cell Thyrotropic cell Chromophobe cell

Thyroid axis

Thyroid gland	Thyroid isthmus Lobes of thyroid gland Pyramidal lobe of thyroid gland Follicular cell Parafollicular cell

Parathyroid gland	Chief cell Oxyphil cell

Adrenal axis:
Adrenal gland

Cortex	Zona glomerulosa Zona fasciculata Zona reticularis

Medulla	Medullary chromaffin cell

Gonadal axis

Pineal gland

Other

M: END

anat/phys/devp/horm

noco (d)/cong/tumr, sysi/epon

proc, drug (A10/H1/H2/H3/H5)

Anatomy of torso, cardiovascular system: heart (TA A12.1, TH H3.09.01, GA 5.524)

General

Surface	base · apex · grooves (coronary/atrioventricular, interatrial, anterior interventricula, posterior interventricular) · surfaces (sternocostal, diaphragmatic) · borders (right, left) · Openings of smallest cardiac veins

Internal	atria (interatrial septum, musculi pectinati, sulcus terminalis) · ventricles (interventricular septum, trabeculae carneae, chordae tendineae, papillary muscle) · valves · cusps · Atrioventricular septum cardiac skeleton Intervenous tubercle

Chambers

Right heart	(venae cavae, coronary sinus) → right atrium (atrial appendage, fossa ovalis, limbus of fossa ovalis, crista terminalis, valve of inferior vena cava, valve of coronary sinus) → tricuspid valve → right ventricle (conus arteriosus, moderator band/septomarginal trabecula) → pulmonary valve → (pulmonary artery and pulmonary circulation)

Left heart	(pulmonary veins) → left atrium (atrial appendage) → mitral valve → left ventricle → aortic valve (aortic sinus) → (aorta and systemic circulation)

Layers

Endocardium	Heart valves

Myocardium	Conduction system: Cardiac pacemaker · SA node · AV node · bundle of His · Purkinje fibers

Pericardial cavity	Pericardial sinus

Pericardium	fibrous pericardium (Sternopericardiac ligaments) · serous pericardium (epicardium/visceral layer) · Fold of the left vena cava

M: HRT

anat/phys/devp

noco/cong/tumr, sysi/epon, injr

proc, drug (C1A/1B/1C/1D), blte

Circulatory system: Arteries and veins (TA A12.0, TH H3.09.02, GA 6.543/GA 7.641)

Systemic circulation

(Left heart) → Aorta → Arteries → Arterioles → Capillaries → Venules → Veins → Vena cava → (Right heart)

Pulmonary circulation

(Right heart) → Pulmonary arteries → (Lungs) → Pulmonary vein → (Left heart)

Blood vessels

Arteries

Veins

Lymphatic

M: VAS

anat (a:h/u/t/a/l,v:h/u/t/a/l)/phys/devp/cell/prot

noco/syva/cong/lyvd/tumr, sysi/epon, injr

proc, drug (C2s+n/3/4/5/7/8/9)

Lymphoid system (TA A13.1–2, TH H3.10, GA 8 and 9)

Primary lymphoid organs

Bone marrow	Hematopoietic stem cell

Thymus	Cortex Medulla Hassall's corpuscles

Secondary lymphoid organs

Spleen (process blood)	structural: Hilum Trabeculae Diaphragmatic surface of spleen Visceral surface of spleen Red pulp Cords of Billroth Marginal zone White pulp Periarteriolar lymphoid sheaths Germinal center blood flow: Trabecular arteries Trabecular veins

Tonsils/Waldeyer's tonsillar ring	Palatine Lingual Pharyngeal Tubal Tonsillar crypts

Lymph nodes (process extracellular fluid)	lymph flow: Afferent lymph vessels Cortical sinuses Medullary sinuses Efferent lymph vessels T cells: High endothelial venules B cells: Primary follicle/Germinal center Mantle zone Marginal zone layers: Capsule/Trabeculae Subcapsular sinus Cortex Paracortex Medulla (Medullary cord) Hilum

MALT (process mucosa)	GALT Peyer's patch Germinal center

M: LMO

anat (h, u, t, a, l)/phys/devp

noco/cong/tumr

proc

Sensory system – visual system – globe of eye (TA A15.2.1–6, TH 3.11.08.0-5, GA 10.1005)

Fibrous tunic (outer)

Sclera	Episcleral layer Schlemm's canal Trabecular meshwork

Cornea	Limbus layers Epithelium Bowman's Stroma Descemet's Endothelium

Uvea/vascular tunic (middle)

Choroid	Capillary lamina of choroid Bruch's membrane Sattler's layer

Ciliary body	Ciliary processes Ciliary muscle

Iris	Stroma Pupil Iris dilator muscle Iris sphincter muscle

Retina (inner)

Layers	Inner limiting membrane Nerve fiber layer Ganglion cell layer Inner plexiform layer Inner nuclear layer Outer plexiform layer Outer nuclear layer External limiting membrane Layer of rods and cones Retinal pigment epithelium

Cells	Photoreceptor cells (Cone cell, Rod cell) → (Horizontal cell) → Bipolar cell → (Amacrine cell) → Retina ganglion cell (Midget cell, Parasol cell, Bistratified cell, Giant retina ganglion cells, Photosensitive ganglion cell) → Diencephalon: P cell, M cell, K cell Muller glia

Other	Macula Foveola Fovea centralis Optic disc Optic cup

Anterior segment

Posterior segment

Vitreous humour

Other

M: EYE

anat (g/a/p)/phys/devp/prot

noco/cong/tumr, epon

proc, drug (S1A/1E/1F/1L)

Head and neck anatomy – accessory visual structures (TA 15.2.7, TH H3.11.08.6, GA 10.1021)

Eyelid

Gland of Zeis

Lacrimal apparatus

Other

Eyebrow

Conjunctiva (Plica semilunaris)

Extraocular muscles (Trochlea of superior oblique)

M: EYE

anat (g/a/p)/phys/devp/prot

noco/cong/tumr, epon

proc, drug (S1A/1E/1F/1L)

Sensory system: Auditory and Vestibular systems (TA A15.3, TH 3.11.09, GA 10.1029)

Outer ear

Pinna (Helix, Antihelix, Tragus, Antitragus, Incisura anterior auris, Earlobe)
Ear canal
Auricular muscles

Eardrum (Umbo
Pars flaccida)

Middle ear

Tympanic cavity	Labyrinthine wall/medial: Oval window Round window Secondary tympanic membrane Prominence of facial canal Promontory of tympanic cavity Membranous wall/lateral Mastoid wall/posterior: Mastoid cells Aditus to mastoid antrum Pyramidal eminence Carotid wall/anterior Tegmental wall/roof: Epitympanic recess Jugular wall/floor

Ossicles	Malleus (Neck of malleus, Superior ligament of malleus, Lateral ligament of malleus, Anterior ligament of malleus) Incus (Superior ligament of incus, Posterior ligament of incus) Stapes (Anular ligament of stapes)

Muscles	Stapedius Tensor tympani

Eustachian tube	Bony part of pharyngotympanic tube Cartilage of pharyngotympanic tube (Torus tubarius)

Inner ear/
(membranous labyrinth,
bony labyrinth)

Auditory system
Cochlear labyrinth

General cochlea	Scala vestibuli Helicotrema Scala tympani Modiolus Cochlear cupula

Perilymphatic space	Perilymph Cochlear aqueduct

Cochlear duct / scala media	Reissner's/vestibular membrane Basilar membrane Endolymph Stria vascularis Spiral ligament Organ of Corti: Stereocilia Tectorial membrane Sulcus spiralis (externus, internus) Spiral limbus

Cells	Claudius cell Boettcher cell

Vestibular system/
Vestibular labyrinth

Static/translations/vestibule/endolymphatic duct: Utricle (Macula)
Saccule (Macula, Endolymphatic sac)
Kinocilium
Otolith
Vestibular aqueduct
Canalis reuniens

Kinetic/rotations: Semicircular canals (Superior, Posterior, Horizontal)
Ampullary cupula
Ampullae (Crista ampullaris)

M: EAR

anat (e/p)/phys/devp

noco/cong, epon

proc, drug (S2)

Integumentary system (TA A16, TH H3.12, GA 10.1062)

Skin

Epidermis	Stratum corneum · Stratum lucidum · Stratum granulosum · Stratum spinosum · Stratum basale

Basement membrane zone	Basal keratinocyte · Lamina lucida · Lamina densa

Dermis	Papillary (Dermal papillae) · Reticular

Subcutaneous tissue

Panniculus/Pannus (Panniculus adiposus · Panniculus carnosus) · Stratum membranosum · Loose connective tissue · Superficial fascia

Adnexa

Skin glands

Sweat glands: Apocrine sweat gland · Eccrine sweat gland

Sebaceous

Hair

Root sheath	Outer root sheath · Inner root sheath (Henle's layer, Huxley's layer)

Hair shaft	Cuticle · Cortex · Medulla · Bulb with matrix cells · Hair follicle

Muscle	Arrector pili muscle

Pilosebaceous unit	Hair sebaceous gland