Tifinagh

Libyco-Berber Type Abjad Time period 3rd century BC to the 3rd century AD Parent systems Proto-Sinaitic alphabet Phoenician alphabet Libyco-Berber Child systems Tifinagh, Neo-Tifinagh Tifinagh (Tuareg) Type Abjad Languages Tuareg language Time period ?? to present Parent systems Proto-Sinaitic alphabet Phoenician alphabet Tifinagh (Tuareg) Child systems Neo-Tifinagh Neo-Tifinagh Type Alphabet Time period 1980 to present Parent systems Proto-Sinaitic alphabet Phoenician alphabet Tifinagh Neo-Tifinagh ISO 15924 Tfng, 120 Direction Left-to-right Unicode alias Tifinagh Unicode range U+2D30–U+2D7F Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols. This article contains Tifinagh text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Tifinagh letters.

Tifinagh (pronounced: [tifinaɣ], also written Tifinaɣ in the Berber Latin alphabet, ⵜⵉⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ in Neo-Tifinagh, and تيفيناغ in the Berber Arabic alphabet) is a series of abjad and alphabetic scripts used by some Berber peoples, notably the Tuareg, to write the Berber language.^[1]

A modern derivate of the traditional script, known as Neo-Tifinagh, was introduced in the 20th century. It is not in widespread use as a means of daily communication, but often serves to assert a Berber identity politically and symbolically. A slightly modified version of the traditional script, called Tifinagh Ircam, is used in a limited number of Moroccan elementary schools in teaching the Berber language to children.

The word tifinagh is thought to be a Berberized feminine plural cognate of Punic, through the Berber feminine prefix ti- and Latin Punicus; thus tifinagh could possibly mean "the Phoenician (letters)"^[2][3] or "the Punic letters".

Origins [edit]

Tifinagh may have descended from a script sometimes named the Libyan (libyque) or Libyco-Berber script although the descent is unclear and uncertain.^[4] This was widely used by speakers of Berber languages all across North Africa and on the Canary Islands. It is attested from the 3rd century BC to the 3rd century AD. Its origin is uncertain, with some scholars suggesting it is related to the Punic alphabet or the Phoenician alphabet.^[5] The word Tifinagh is a feminine plural noun whose singular in Tamashek is Tafineqq; it means 'the Phoenician (letters)', according to the most known opinions. For a discussion (in French), see [1] and [2].

There are two known variants: eastern and western. The eastern variant was used in what is now Constantine, the Aures region and Tunisia. It is the best-deciphered variant, due to the discovery of several Numidian bilingual inscriptions in Libyan and Punic (notably at Dougga in Tunisia). 22 letters out of the 24 were deciphered. The western variant was more primitive (Février 1964–1965). It was used along the Mediterranean coast from Kabylie to the Canary Islands. It used 13 supplementary letters.

The Libyco-Berber script was a pure abjad; it had no vowels. Gemination was not marked. The writing was usually from the bottom to the top, although right-to-left, and even other orders, were also found. The letters would take different forms when written vertically than when they were written horizontally.^[6]

Tuareg Tifinagh [edit]

Entrance to Kidal. The name of the town is written in Traditional Tifinagh (ⴾⴸⵍ) and Latin script.

The Libyco-Berber script survived as a traditional means of writing the Tuareg language. Traditionally, the script marks no vowels, except for word finals. In some areas, Arabic vowel diacritics are combined with Tifinagh characters to mark vowels.

According to M.C.A. MacDonald, the Tuareg are "an entirely oral society in which memory and oral communication perform all the functions which reading and writing have in a literate society… The Tifinagh are used primarily for games and puzzles, short graffiti and brief messages."^[4]

Occasionally the script has been used to write other neighboring languages, such as Tagdal Songhai.

Neo-Tifinagh [edit]

Arabic, Neo-Tifinagh and French in a signboard, Morocco.

Neo-Tifinagh is the 20th-century script developed from earlier forms of Tifinagh. It is an alphabet and is written left-to-right. Salem Chaker, professor at INALCO, had proposed a change in Neo-Tifinagh (Tafsut 1990 #14).

Until recently, virtually no books or websites were published in this alphabet, with activists favouring Latin (or, more rarely, Arabic) scripts for serious usage; however, it is extremely popular for symbolic use, with many books and websites written in a different script featuring logos or title pages using Neo-Tifinagh. In Morocco, the king took a "neutral" position between the claims of Latin script and Arabic script by adopting the Neo-Tifinagh script in 2003; as a result, books are beginning to be published in this script, and it is taught in some schools. However, many independent Berber-language publications are still published using the Berber Latin alphabet. Outside Morocco, it has no official status. Ironically, the Moroccan state arrested and imprisoned people using this script during the 1980s and 1990s.^[7]

In Algeria, almost all Berber publications use the Berber Latin alphabet, not Tifinagh.

In Libya, the regime of Gaddafi consistently banned the Berber Tifinagh script from being used in public contexts such as store displays and banners.^[8]

After the Libyan civil war, the National Transitional Council has shown an openness towards the Berber language. The independent rebel Libya TV, based in Qatar, has included the Berber language and the Tifinagh alphabet in some of its programming.^[9]

Characters [edit]

Simple letters (and modifier letters)

Unicode Glyph Character Transliteration Name Latin Arabic IPA U+2D30 ⴰ a ا æ ya U+2D31 ⴱ b ب b / β yab U+2D32 ⴲ b ٻ b / β yab fricative U+2D33 ⴳ g گ ɡ yag U+2D34 ⴴ g ڲ ɡ yag fricative U+2D35 ⴵ dj ج d͡ʒ Berber Academy yadj U+2D36 ⴶ dj ج d͡ʒ yadj U+2D37 ⴷ d د d yad U+2D38 ⴸ d د ð yad fricative U+2D39 ⴹ ḍ ض dˤ yaḍ U+2D3A ⴺ ḍ ض ðˤ yaḍ fricative U+2D3B ⴻ e ه ə yey U+2D3C ⴼ f ف f yaf U+2D3D ⴽ k ک k yak U+2D3E ⴾ k ک k Tuareg yak U+2D3F ⴿ k ک k yak fricative U+2D40 ⵀ h b ھ ب h b yah = Tuareg yab U+2D41 ⵁ h ھ h Berber Academy yah U+2D42 ⵂ h ھ h Tuareg yah U+2D43 ⵃ ḥ ح ħ yaḥ U+2D44 ⵄ ʕ (ɛ) ع ʕ yaʕ (yaɛ) U+2D45 ⵅ kh (x) خ χ yax U+2D46 ⵆ kh (x) خ χ Tuareg yax U+2D47 ⵇ q ق q yaq U+2D48 ⵈ q ق q Tuareg yaq U+2D49 ⵉ i ي i yi U+2D4A ⵊ j ج ʒ yaj U+2D4B ⵋ j ج ʒ Ahaggar yaj U+2D4C ⵌ j ج ʒ Tuareg yaj

Unicode Glyph Character Transliteration Name Latin Arabic IPA U+2D4D ⵍ l ل l yal U+2D4E ⵎ m م m yam U+2D4F ⵏ n ن n yan U+2D50 ⵐ ny ني nj Tuareg yagn U+2D51 ⵑ ng ڭ ŋ Tuareg yang U+2D52 ⵒ p پ p yap U+2D53 ⵓ u w و ۉ w yu = Tuareg yaw U+2D54 ⵔ r ر r yar U+2D55 ⵕ ṛ ڕ rˤ yaṛ U+2D56 ⵖ gh (ɣ) غ ɣ yaɣ U+2D57 ⵗ gh (ɣ) غ ɣ Tuareg yaɣ U+2D58 ⵘ gh (ɣ) j غ ج ɣ ʒ Aïr yaɣ = Adrar yaj U+2D59 ⵙ s س s yas U+2D5A ⵚ ṣ ص sˤ yaṣ U+2D5B ⵛ sh (š) ش ʃ yaš U+2D5C ⵜ t ت t yat U+2D5D ⵝ t ت t yat fricative U+2D5E ⵞ ch (tš) تش t͡ʃ yatš U+2D5F ⵟ ṭ ط tˤ yaṭ U+2D60 ⵠ v ۋ v yav U+2D61 ⵡ w ۉ w yaw U+2D62 ⵢ y ي j yay U+2D63 ⵣ z ز z yaz U+2D64 ⵤ z ز z Tawellemet yaz = Harpoon yaz U+2D65 ⵥ ẓ ژ zˤ yaẓ U+2D66 ⵦ e   e ye (APT) U+2D67 ⵧ o   o yo (APT) U+2D6F  ⵯ +ʷ + ٗ ʷ Labio-velarization mark = Tamatart ≈ <super> 2D61

Digraphs (for which ligatures are possible)

Unicode Glyph Character Transliteration Name Latin Arabic IPA U+2D5C U+2D59 ⵜⵙ ts تس t͡s yats U+2D37 U+2D63 ⴷⵣ dz دز d͡z yadz

Unicode Glyph Character Transliteration Name Latin Arabic IPA U+2D5C U+2D5B ⵜⵛ ch (tš) تش t͡ʃ yatš U+2D37 U+2D4A ⴷⵊ dj دج d͡ʒ yadj

Unicode [edit]

Tifinagh was added to the Unicode Standard in March, 2005 with the release of version 4.1.

The Unicode block for Tifinagh is U+2D30–U+2D7F. Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points:

References [edit]

Bibliography [edit]

• Aghali-Zakara, Mohamed (1994). Graphèmes berbères et dilemme de diffusion: Interaction des alphabets latin, ajami et tifinagh. Etudes et Documents Berbères 11, 107-121.
• Aghali-Zakara, Mohamed; and Drouin, Jeanine (1977). Recherches sur les Tifinaghs- Eléments graphiques et sociolinguistiques. Comptes-rendus du Groupe Linguistique des Etudes Chamito-Sémitiques (GLECS).
• Ameur, Meftaha (1994). Diversité des transcriptions : pour une notation usuelle et normalisée de la langue berbère. Etudes et Documents Berbères 11, 25–28.
• Boukous, Ahmed (1997). Situation sociolinguistique de l’Amazigh. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 123, 41–60.
• Chaker, Salem (1994). Pour une notation usuelle à base Tifinagh. Etudes et Documents Berbères 11, 31–42.
• Chaker, Salem (1996). Propositions pour la notation usuelle à base latine du berbère. Etudes et Documents Berbères 14, 239–253.
• Chaker, Salem (1997). La Kabylie: un processus de développement linguistique autonome. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 123, 81–99.
• Durand, O. (1994). Promotion du berbère : problèmes de standardisation et d’orthographe. Expériences européennes. Etudes et Documents Berbères 11, 7–11.
• O’Connor, Michael (1996). The Berber scripts. The World’s Writing Systems, ed. by William Bright and Peter Daniels, 112–116. New York: Oxford University Press.
• Penchoen, Thomas G. (1973). Tamazight of the Ayt Ndhir. Los Angeles: Undena Publications. 
• Savage, Andrew. 2008. Writing Tuareg – the three script options. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 192: 5–14
• Souag, Lameen (2004). "Writing Berber Languages: a quick summary". L. Souag. Archived from the original on 2005-07-30. Retrieved 6 July 2010. 
• Encyclopaedia of Islam, s.v. Tifinagh.

External links [edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Tifinagh

• lbi-project.org, an excellent compilation of images and information]
• ancientscripts.com
• ennedi.free.fr
• (French) Ircam.ma, official website of the Royal Institute of the Amazigh Culture]
  • Ircam – Online lessons in Amazigh and the Tifinagh alphabet
• mondeberbere.com
• omniglot.com
• Unicode character picker for Moroccan Tifinagh
• Tifinagh Font for Windows
• ircam.ma