Zaza language

Zaza
Zazaki
Spoken in	Turkey
Region	Main in Tunceli, Bingol, Erzincan, Sivas, Elazig, Malatya Gümüşhane Province, Şanlıurfa Province, and Adıyaman Province, diasporic in Mutki, Sarız, Aksaray, and Taraz
Ethnicity	Zaza
Native speakers	About 1.5–2.5 million [1][2] in Turkey, unknown numbers elsewhere  (date missing)
Language family	Indo-European Indo-Iranian Iranian languages Western Northwestern Zaza-Gorani Zaza
Writing system	Latin
Language codes
ISO 639-2	zza
ISO 639-3	zza – inclusive code Individual codes: kiu – Kirmanjki (Northern Zazaki) diq – Dimli (Southern Zazaki)
Linguasphere	58-AAA-ba
The regions where Zazaki is spoken in Turkey. (With three main dialect areas; Dersim, Palu-Bingol, and Siverek), diasporic in Kars, Sarız, Aksaray, and Taraz)

Zaza language edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Zaza language, or Zazaki (dialects Kirmanjki/Kirdki and Dimilki) is an Iranian language spoken primarily in eastern Turkey.^[3] Zazaki shares many features, structures, and vocabulary with Gorani, Talyshi and other Caspian languages, and Kurdish languages.^[4][5] According to Ethnologue (which cites [Paul 1998]^[5]), the number of speakers is between 1.5 and 2.5 million (including all dialects). According to Nevins, the number of Zazaki speakers is between 2 and 4 million.^[6] Although their language is not a Kurdish dialect, the Zaza people consider themselves to be Kurds and other Kurds accept them as such.^[7]

Zaza dialects

There are three main Zaza dialects:

• Northern Zazaki^[8]: It is spoken in Tunceli, Erzincan, Erzurum, Sivas, Gumushane, Mus (Varto), Kayseri (Sariz) provinces.

Its sub-dialects are:

• West-Dersim
• East-Dersim
• Varto
• Border dialects like Sarız, Koçgiri (Giniyan-idiom)

• Central Zazaki^{[citation needed]}: It is spoken in Elazığ, Bingöl, Solhan, Girvas and Diyarbakır provinces.^{[citation needed]}

Its sub-dialects are:

• Bingol^{[citation needed]}
• Palu^{[citation needed]}
• Border dialects like Hani, Kulp, Lice, Ergani, Piran^{[citation needed]}

• Southern Zazaki^[9]: It is spoken Şanlıurfa (Siverek), Diyarbakır (Cermik, Egil), Adiyaman, Malatya provinces.

Its sub-dialects are:

• Siverek
• Cermik, Gerger
• Border dialects like Mutki and Aksaray

Zaza literature and broadcast programs

The first written statements in Zaza were compiled by the linguist Peter Lerch in 1850. Two other important documents are the religious writings of Ehmedê Xasi of 1899,^[10] and of Usman Efendiyo Babıc (published in Damascus in 1933); both of these works were written in the Arabic script.

The use of the Latin script to write Zazaki became popular only in the diaspora in Sweden, France and Germany at the beginning of the 1980s. This was followed by the publication of magazines and books in Turkey, particularly in Istanbul. The efforts of Zaza intellectuals to advance the comprehensibility of their native language by alphabetizing were not fruitless; the number of publications in Zaza has multiplied. This rediscovery of the native culture by Zaza intellectuals not only caused a renaissance of Zaza language and culture, it also triggered feelings among younger generations of Zazas (who, however, rarely speak Zazaki as a mother tongue) in favor of this modern Western use of Zazaki, rekindling their interest in their ancestral language.

The diaspora has also generated a limited amount of Zaza-language broadcasting. Moreover, after restrictions were removed on local languages in Turkey during their move toward accession to the European Union, Turkish state-owned TRT television launched a Zazaki TV program and a radio program on Fridays.

Phonological correspondences of Zazaki and other Iranian languages

Alphabet

This article or section contains only non-IPA pronunciation information for some words. It should be expanded with an International Phonetic Alphabet transcription. For assistance, see Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation.

The Zaza alphabet contains 31 letters ^[11]:

A, B, C, Ç, D, E, Ê, F, G, H, I, Î, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, Ş, T, U, Û, V, W, X, Y, Z

a, b, c, ç, d, e, ê, f, g, h, i, î, j, k, l, m, n, o, p, q, r, s, ş, t, u, û, v, w, x, y, z

A(a): /a/

B(be): /b/

C(ce): /dz/; /dʒ/ before /e/, /i/, or /y/

Ç(Çe): /ts/; /tʃ/ before /e/,/i/, or /y/

D(de): /d/

E(e): /ɛ/

Ê(Ê): /e/

F(fe): /f/

G(ge): /g/

H(he): /h/

I(i): /ɪ/

Î(î): /i/

J(je): /ʒ/

K(ke): /k/

L(le): /l/

M(me): /m/

N(ne): /n/

O(o): /o/

P(pe): /p/

Q(qe): /q/

R(re): /r/

S(se): /s/

Ş(Şe): /ʃ/

T(te): /t/

U(u): /y/

Û(Û): /u/

V(ve): /v/

W(we): /w/

X(xe): /x/

Y(ye): /j/

Z(ze): /z/

Grammar

Grammatical gender

The Zazaki language distinguishes between masculine and feminine grammatical gender. Each noun belongs to one of those two genders. In order to correctly decline any noun and any modifier or other type of word affecting that noun, one must identify whether the noun is feminine or masculine. This distinguishes Zazaki from many other Western Iranian languages that have lost this feature over time.

For example, the masculine preterite participle of the verb kerdene ("to make" or "to do") is kerde; the feminine preterite-participle is kerdiye. Both have the sense of the English "made" or "done". The grammatical gender of the preterite-participle would be determined by the grammatical gender of the noun representing the thing that was made or done.

The linguistic notion of grammatical gender is distinguished from the biological and social notion of gender, although they interact closely in many languages. Both grammatical and natural gender can have linguistic effects in a given language.

Vocabulary

Words in Zazaki can be divided into five groups in respect to their origins. Most words in Zazaki are Proto-Indo-European, Proto-Indo-Iranian and Proto-Iranian in origin. The fourth group consists of words that developed when Zazaki speakers divided from the Proto-Iranian language. The fifth group consists of loan words. Loan words in Zazaki are chiefly from Arabic and Persian.

Classification

Zazaki is an Iranian language in the Indo-European family. From the point of view of the spoken language, its closest relatives are Mazandarani, Hewrami, Gilaki and other Caspian languages. However, the classification of Zazaki has been an issue of political discussion. Britannica classifies it as a subdialect of Kurdish language.^[12] There are many Zazaki-speakers who identify themselves as ethnic Kurds while others do not.^[13]

Ethnologue favors the following hierarchy:^[3]

• Northwestern Iranian languages
  • Zaza-Gorani language group
    • Dimli/Zazaki
    • Gorani language
    • other sublanguages/dialects of Zazaki-Gorani group
  • Caspian languages group
    • Mazandarani
    • Gilaki
    • others

The US State Department "Background Note" lists the Zazaki language as one of the major languages of Turkey, along with Turkish (official), Kurdish, Armenian, Greek, and Arabic.^[14] Linguists connect the word Dimli with the Daylamites in the Alborz Mountains near the shores of Caspian Sea in Iran and believe that the Zaza have immigrated from Deylaman towards the west. Zazaki shows many connections to the Iranian dialects of the Caspian region, especially the Gilaki language.

The Zazaki language shows similarities with (Hewrami or Gorani), Shabaki and Bajelani. Gorani, Bajelani, and Shabaki languages are spoken around Iran-Iraq border; however, it is believed that they are also migrated from Northern Iran to their present homelands. These languages are sometimes put together in the Zaza-Gorani language group.

See also

• Iranian Languages vocabulary comparison table
• Zaza people

References

Notes

• Zazaki.net- Zazas and Zazaki
• Blau, Gurani et Zaza in R. Schmitt, ed., Compendium Linguarum Iranicarum, Wiesbaden, 1989, ISBN 3-88226-413-6, pp. 336–40 (About Daylamite origin of Zaza-Guranis)
• Mesut Keskin, Zur dialektalen Gliederung des Zazaki. Magisterarbeit, Frankfurt 2008. (PDF)

Literature

• Paul, Ludwig. (1998) "The Position of Zazaki Among West Iranian languages" University of Hamburg.
• Lynn Todd, Terry. (1985) "A Grammar of Dimili" University of Michigan.
• Gippert, Jost. (1996) "Historical Development of Zazaki" University of Frankfurt.
• Gajewski, Jon. (2003) "Evidentiality in Zazaki" Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
• Gajewski, Jon. (2004) "Zazaki Notes" Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
• Larson, Richard. and Yamakido, Hiroko. (2006) "Zazaki as Double Case-Marking" Stony Brook University and University of Arizona.
• Brigitte Werner. (2007) "Features of Bilingualism in the Zaza Community" Marburg, Germany.
• Mesut Keskin, Zur dialektalen Gliederung des Zazaki. Magisterarbeit, Frankfurt 2008. (PDF)

External links

Zaza language edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Kirmanjki test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator

• Genetic Study on Zaza & Kurmanji Kurds (the two groups are similar genetically & not related to Northern-Iranian Groups)
• Academic Research Center of Zazaki (Zazaki, German, Turkish, English)
• Dimli (on the Ethnologue site)
• Kirmanjki (on the Ethnologue site)
• ZazaPress (In Zazaki, Turkish, English and Swedish)
• Iremet Publishing (In Zazaki, Turkish and Swedish)
• Zazaki Language Institute (In German, Zazaki, and Turkish)
• Ethnic Differentiation among the Kurds: Kurmancî, Kizilbash and Zaza
• MIT OpenCourseWare online course in Zazaki
• A Zazaki Radio: Miraz FM
• Web Center of Zaza People (Weblinks of Zaza people)
• With An Eye and an Ear Towards Zazaki (23-min film, produced/directed by Gulcem Aktas and Andrew Nevins
• A web Portal on Zazaki
• Website of Zazaki Institute Frankfurt